Retrieved from https://www.thoughtco.com/harappa-pakistan-capital-city-171278. Harappa: Capital City of the Ancient Indus Civilization. It is located in Punjab Province, Pakistan, on an old bank / bed of the River Ravi. The Harappan civilization is sometimes called the Mature Harappan culture to distinguish it from these cultures. The first modern accounts of the ruins of the Indus civilisation are those of Charles Masson, a deserter from the East India Company's army. Its location along old course of Ravi provided access to trade networks, aquatic food and water for drinking and cultivation. By using ThoughtCo, you accept our. https://www.thoughtco.com/harappa-pakistan-capital-city-171278 (accessed January 22, 2021). Ruins of the ancient city of Harappa in Punjab, Pakistan. Other archaeologists associated with Harappa include Mortimer Wheeler, George Dales, Richard Meadow, and J. The Indus civilization was originally called Harappan civilization after this site. The civilisation, with a possible writing system, urban centers, and diversified social and economic system, was rediscovered in the 1920s also after excavations at Mohenjo-daro in Sindh near Larkana, and Harappa, in west Punjab south of Lahore. The Harappan Civilisation has its earliest roots in cultures such as that of Mehrgarh, approximately 6000 BC. During its prime from about 2500 to 1900 BCE Mohenjo-Daro was one of the most important cities of the Indus civilization with as many as 35,000 inhabitants. In addition to large-scale de-urbanization, the Late Harappan period was also characterized by a shift to drought-resistant small-grained millets and an increase in interpersonal violence. Indus Valley Civilization (IVC) was a bronze-age civilization. These technologies likely reflect some sort of trade interactions with Mesopotamia. At its height, it covered an area of at least 250 acres (100 hectares) and may have been about twice that, given that much of the site has been buried by the alluvial floods of the Ravi river. How many symbols were in their writing system? What we do know is that the people of the Indus Valley Civilization did develop a massive, well-organized, and highly advanced civilization. Completing the CAPTCHA proves you are a human and gives you temporary access to the web property. These were used for storing grain. The cities of the Harappan civilization were located in what is now Pakistan and parts of India. Your IP: 178.18.135.13 This was likely a result of shifting river patterns that made the abandonment of many cities necessary. The Harappan period characterised by seals, beads, weights, stone blades and baked bricks is called as the Mature Harappan culture. Also known as the Harappan civilization, it dates back to 2500 years ago. (2020, August 25). The fourth city lay at Lothal of Gujarat. Major Cities of the Harappan Civilization. Unlike in Mesopotamia, there is no evidence for hereditary monarchies; instead, the city was ruled by influential elites, who were likely merchants, landowners, and religious leaders. The Great Bath of Mohenjodaro is the most important public place measuring 39 feet (length) x23 feet (breadth) x8 feet (depth). …the musical culture of the Indus valley civilization of … Harappan Civilization is arguable the most advanced and maybe the oldest civilization in the ancient world. The Harappan city was divided into the upper town (also called the Citadel) and the lower town. Late Harappan phase (1900 BC-1400 BC): It was the phase of decline during which many cities were abandoned and the trade disappeared leading to the gradual decay of the significant urban traits. The cities of the Harappan civilization were located in what is now Pakistan and parts of India. At the height of the Indus civilization, between 2600–1900 BCE, Harappa was one of a handful of central places for thousands of cities and towns covering a million square kilometers (about 385,000 square miles) of territory in South Asia. Most of what is known about their culture and civilization comes from the ruins of their two largest cities: Harappa and Mohenjo-daro. Was there a military? In 1829, Masson traveled through the princely state of Punjab, gathering useful intelligence for the Company in return for a promise of clemency. Masson, who had versed himself in the classics, especially in the military ca… Interestingly, Mohenjo-Daro was one of the most important cities of South Asia and the Indus Civilization together with Harappa, which was one of the first and most important ancient settlements of the world. It was a major urban centre during its mature phase surrounded by extensive walls. There are organized cemeteries and some of the burials are richer than others, indicating the first evidence for social, economic, and political ranking. But in exams questions are repeatedly asked from this topic. What were two of the important cities in the Harappan Civilization? The Carbon-14 datings indicate the mature Harappan … Mohenjodaro is the largest of all the Indus cities and has a population estimated to between 41,000 and 35,000. The sensational discoveries made at Harappa in West Punjab and Mohenjodaro in Sind have revolutionised our idea of ancient Indian history. Major Cities of the Harappan Civilization. Hirst, K. Kris. The people hunted elephant, rhinoceros, water buffalo, elk, deer, antelope and wild ass. Located at the centre of the citadel it is remarkable for beautiful brick work. For UPSC 2021 preparation, follow BYJU’S. At its beginnings, Harappa was a small settlement with a collection of workshops, where craft specialists made agate beads. Harappa was occupied between about 3800 and 1500 BCE: and, in fact, still is: the modern city of Harappa is built atop some of its ruins. Cities of Mohenjo-daro and Harappa were differentiated from other settlements by the large size of their population, complexity of social and economic life, diversity of craft production, and existence of some kind of political authority. Harappans farmed domesticated wheat and barley, pulses and millets, sesame, peas, chickpeas, and other vegetables. "Harappa: Capital City of the Ancient Indus Civilization." Other central places include Mohenjo-daro, Rakhigarhi, and Dholavira, all with areas over 100 hectares (250 acres) in their heyday. The excavated Indus cities may be classified into the following groups for their convenient description: (i) Nucleus Cities; (ii) Coastal Towns and Ports; (iii) Other Cities and Townships, (i) Nucleus Cities. Both forms part of present Pakistan. Two major cities of the Indus Valley Civilization have been discovered: Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro. Harappa and Mohenjo Daro were expertly planned cities built with a grid pattern of wide, straight streets. Also during the Kot Diji phase is the first evidence for writing in the region, consisting of a piece of pottery with a possible early Indus script. Over 25 field seasons have occurred since the first excavations. K. Kris Hirst is an archaeologist with 30 years of field experience. Many of the adobe bricks were robbed in antiquity from the significant architectural remains. Both cities cover less than 2.6 square kilometers (one square mile). The mature Harappan phase includes a large amount of black-and-red ware. All of these had populations of around 20,000 to 40,000 people. Mohenjo-Daro and Harappa. Harappa was discovered in 1826 and first excavated in 1920 and 1921 by the Archaeological Survey of India, led by Rai Bahadur Daya Ram Sahni, as described later by M.S. Another city lay at Chanhu-daro situated 130 km from Mohenjo-daro in Sindh. Harappa: During the Localization period, all of the major cities including Harappa began to lose their power. Some of the skeletons also show injuries, suggesting that interpersonal violence was a fact of life for some of the city's residents, but not all. Both forms part of present Pakistan. Interestingly, Mohenjo-Daro was one of the most important cities of South Asia and the Indus Civilization together with Harappa, which was one of the first and most important ancient settlements of the world. This is because Harappa was the largest city in the civilization. The two major cities of Indus valley civilization were Mohenjo-Daro and Harappa. By 2600 BC, the settlements of the Indus Valley had grown into full-fledged cities, and Harappa was a major metropolis. The Harappan places which were small towns, show an advanced sense of … It is time to unearth the mysteries, myths and ignorance about the great Harappa of the Indus Valley Civilization It spread out over about 250 acres (100 hectares) on a series of mounds, the Great Bath and an associated large building occupied the tallest mound. During the Kot Diji phase (2800–2500 BC), the Harappans used standardized sun-baked adobe bricks to build city walls and domestic architecture. Dholavira is a good example of a large Harappan urban centre. A grain house and proof of water transportation founded at … Another important and very recent (late October 2020) paper by Asko Parpola. Also during the Harappa phase, a faience and steatite bead production workshop blossomed, identified by several layers of faience slag—leftover material from the production of the glassy ceramic known as faience—chert blades, lumps of sawn steatite, bone tools, terracotta cakes and large masses of vitrified faience slag. Harappa is located in about the exact area of Pakistan in the greater Indus region. Indus valley civilization, harappa civilization, and Dravidian civilization. From the meagre evidence it may be concluded that the civilization represented by these two cities commonly known as the Indus Valley Civilization belonged to the first half of the third millennium B.C. Harappa and Mohenjo Daro were expertly planned cities … ThoughtCo. Animal husbandry included humped (Bos indicus) and non-humped (Bos bubalis) cattle and, to a lesser degree, sheep and goats. Due to this, Harappa remained occupied for a long time. Commerce is also in evidence: a cubical limestone weight that conforms to the later Harappan weight system. • Three biggest settlements Harappa, Mohenjodaro and Dholavira were the nucleus cities of the Indus civilization. The citadel must have contained the … Her work has appeared in scholarly publications such as Archaeology Online and Science. Hitler's Persistent Mythology, Ancient India and the Indian Subcontinent, The Founding of Tenochtitlan and the Origin of the Aztecs, 10 Largest Capital Cities in the United States, World History Timelines - Mapping Two Million Years of Humanity, History of Animal and Plant Domestication. Known as Harappan Civilisation, it existed between 3300 BC to 1900 BC. Indus Valley Civilization (IVC) is the beginning of the history of India. Nageswar: It is small but important site at the westernmost tip of Saurashtra not very far from Dwarf. they made excavations to the Indus Valley civilization two major cities. These cities include Harappa, Ganeriwala, and Mohenjo-daro in modern-day Pakistan, and Dholavira, Kalibangan, Rakhigarhi, Rupar, and Lothal in modern-day India. The settlement was laid out along gridded streets tracing the cardinal directions and wheeled carts pulled by bulls for transporting heavy commodities into Harappa. Square stamp seals were used to mark clay seals on bundles of goods. Until 1999, over 1,056 cities and settlements had been found, of which 96 have been excavated, mainly in the general region of the Indus and Ghaggar-Hakra Rivers and their tributaries. In this article, we have discussed some of the important points of Indus Valley Civilization for the UPSC exam. Read more about Indus Valley Civilization, town planning in IVC and other IVC facts for IAS Exam. Major Sites/cities-Harappa-This is 1st discovered site of Indus valley by eminent Indologist Sir John Marshall in 1921 at the bank on Ravi. 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